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Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) was an Islamic organization formed by Malcolm X after he left the Nation of Islam. MMI was a relatively small group that collapsed after its founder was assassinated.

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History[edit]

Malcolm X announced the establishment of Muslim Mosque, Inc. on March 12, 1964, four days after his departure from the Nation of Islam.^[1] The group's membership consisted primarily of former Nation of Islam members. In a 2003 interview, one of its former leaders recalled that MMI started with a core of about 50 dedicated activists.^[2]

Malcolm X spent much of the time between March 1964 and February 1965 overseas. In his absence, James 67X Shabazz served as the de facto leader of Muslim Mosque, Inc.^[3]

Between March 1964, when he left the Nation of Islam, and February 1965, when he was assassinated, Malcolm X's philosophy evolved as he traveled through Africa and the Middle East. Those changes confused many members of Muslim Mosque, Inc.^[4]

Initially, the teachings of Muslim Mosque, Inc. were similar to those of the Nation of Islam. When Malcolm X became a Sunni Muslim, made the hajj, and wrote to the members of MMI from Mecca about his pilgrimage and how it had forced him to reject the racism that had previously characterized his views of white people, many members could not believe what they were hearing. The Nation of Islam had taught that no white people were permitted in the holy city of Mecca. Some MMI members refused to believe that Malcolm X had become a Sunni, and others thought he was being misquoted when he wrote about white people.^[5][6]

By May 1964, membership in Muslim Mosque, Inc. had grown to 125, and the group was attracting people who were not former Nation of Islam members.^[7]

Malcolm X sought acceptance of Muslim Mosque, Inc. by mainstream Islamic organizations.^[8][9] In August 1964, the Supreme Council on Islamic Affairs awarded 20 scholarships to permit young MMI members to study at Al-Azhar University tuition-free.^[10][11] Also in August, MMI was admitted to the Islamic Federation of the United States and Canada.^[12] The following month the World Islamic League offered 15 scholarships through MMI for study at the Islamic University of Madinah.^[10][13]

Following the assassination of Malcolm X in February 1965, Muslim Mosque, Inc. foundered and was disbanded.^[14][15]

The Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood, located at 130 West 113th Street in Harlem, is a successor to Muslim Mosque, Inc.^[16]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^Marable, pp. 295–296.
2. ^Marable, p. 295.
3. ^Marable, pp. 305–306.
4. ^Marable, pp. 319–320.
5. ^Marable, pp. 327–328.
6. ^Goldman, p. 170.
7. ^Marable, p. 333.
8. ^DeCaro, p. 230.
9. ^Goldman, pp. 209–210.
10. ^ ^abDeCaro, p. 233.
11. ^Marable, p. 364.
12. ^Marable, p. 366.
13. ^Marable, p. 370.
14. ^Goldman, pp. 392–393.
15. ^Marable, pp. 460–462.
16. ^Stein, Isaac (February 28, 2014). 'Harlem mosque leader talks Malcolm X legacy'. The Chicago Maroon. Retrieved July 14, 2015.

Works cited[edit]

• DeCaro, Jr., Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. ISBN978-0-8147-1864-3.
• Goldman, Peter (1979). The Death and Life of Malcolm X (2nd ed.). Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN978-0-252-00774-3.
• Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. ISBN978-0-670-02220-5.

LES SABLES-D’OLONNE, France (AP) — French sailor Yannick Bestaven won the Vendee Globe solo round-the-world race after more than 80 days and an unusually close final few hours to determine the winner on Thursday.

Bestaven wasn’t the first to cross the finish line — that honor went to countryman Charlie Dalin, who arrived in Les Sables-d’Olonne on Wednesday night.

Bestaven, the skipper of Maitre Coq IV, wrapped up his odyssey in the early hours of Thursday behind Dalin and Louis Burton. But thanks to a time bonus he earned for helping to rescue a competitor, he was declared the winner in 80 days, 3 hours, 44 minutes, 46 seconds. Dalin was 2 1/2 hours behind.

Bestaven was given a time compensation of 10 hours, 15 minutes by an international jury for his role in late November in the search and rescue of Kevin Escoffier, who capsized 200 miles (320 kilometers) west of Cape Horn.

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“There are two winners on this Vendee Globe,” said Bestaven, who was greeted by fireworks in the seaside town. “I feel like I’m living a dream, hallucinating. You go from total solitude to this, to this party, to these lights, these people who are there despite the complicated context. I’m still in my race.”

German yachtsman Boris Herrmann also took part in the rescue of Escoffier and received bonus time but his chances of winning the race vanished when he collided with a fishing boat in the Bay of Biscay late Wednesday, around 90 nautical miles from the end. He had to slow down because of a damaged starboard foil.

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This was Bestaven’s second participation in the race, 13 years after he pulled out less than 24 hours into the 2008 Vendee Globe. Extremely consistent this time, he was one of the two skippers who led the fleet for the longest time, for 26 days.

The race, held every four years, also starts from Les Sables-d’Olonne. Frenchman Armel Le Cleac’h won the previous edition.

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The race takes sailors around South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope, Australia’s Cape Leeuwin, and South America’s Cape Horn, over some 24,000 nautical miles (about 44,500 kilometers).

“You have to look deep down inside yourself,” Bestaven said. “These boats are stressful, noisy, and life on board is difficult. There are also times you feel lonely.”

___

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